Friday 5 September 2014

Obesity Causes Infertility ??????????????

Infertility is a medical condition characterized by a diminished or absent ability to produce offspring. It does not imply (either in the male or the female) the existence of as serious or irreversible a condition as sterility.

Link Between Infertility and Obesity

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Although infertility is a common condition, it is often hard to pin down its source. Men and women may each have risk factors that can contribute to infertility, and those risk factors can be genetic, environmental or related to lifestyle. One of the most common and well documented risk factors for infertility in both men and women is obesity.

Obese Women and Infertility

Numerous studies report that women who are overweight or obese tend to have a more difficult time becoming pregnant than normal-weight women. Moreover, once pregnancy occurs, obese women have a higher rate of pregnancy loss.

Being overweight can also lead to abnormal hormone issues affecting reproductive processes for both women and men. Abnormal hormone signals, as a result of excess weight, negatively impact ovulation and sperm production. In women, it can cause the overproduction of insulin, which may cause irregular ovulation. There is also a link between obesity, excess insulin production and the infertility condition known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a specific medical condition associated with irregular menstrual cycles, anovulation (decreased or stopped ovulation), obesity and elevated levels of male hormones.

Obesity Causes Heart Deseases????????????????

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Obesity is an increasingly prevalent metabolic disorder affecting not only the US population but also that of the developing world. It is estimated from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988-1991) that 33% of the US population is obese, compared with 25% in NHANES II (1976-1980).Fatness is associated with a number of comorbidities, including several forms of heart disease. Although heredity explains 30% to 70% of cases of obesity, environmental contributions to the increasing prevalence of obesity must be sought since the gene pool has remained stable over the same interval. Diets high in fat (and calories) and a reduced expenditure of energy in the form of physical activity,are the most likely explanations. However, in the United States, despite the reduction in consumption of fat from approximately 40% of calories in 1965 to 34% of calories in 1991, a decrease in incidence of obesity has not occurred. This is likely attributable to both maintenance of fat intake with an increase in total caloric intake and reduced physical activity. Interestingly, in developing countries some comorbidities are seen at a lesser degree of excess weight, suggesting that relative weight may be as important as absolute adiposity.

Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease

Until recently the relation between obesity and coronary heart disease was viewed as indirect, ie, through covariates related to both obesity and coronary heart disease risk, including hypertension; dyslipidemia, particularly reductions in HDL cholesterol; and impaired glucose tolerance or non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance and accompanying hyperinsulinemia are typically associated with these comorbidities. Although most of the comorbidities relating obesity to coronary artery disease increase as BMI increases, they also relate to body fat distribution. Long-term longitudinal studies, however, indicate that obesity as such not only relates to but independently predicts coronary atherosclerosis. This relation appears to exist for both men and women with minimal increases in BMI. In a 14-year prospective study, middle-aged women with a BMI >23 but <25 had a 50% increase in risk of nonfatal or fatal coronary heart disease,and men aged 40 to 65 years with a BMI >25 but <29 had a 72% increased risk. The overall relation between obesity and coronary artery disease morbidity and mortality is less clear for Hispanics, Pima Indians, and African-American women.

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Congestive Heart Failure

Left ventricular hypertrophy is common in patients with obesity and to some extent is related to systemic hypertension. However, abnormalities in left ventricular mass and function also occur in the absence of hypertension and may be related to the severity of obesity.Hypertension is approximately three times more common in obese than normal-weight persons.This relationship may be cause-and-effect in that when weight increases, so does blood pressure,whereas when weight decreases, blood pressure falls.

Increased left ventricular volume and wall stress in addition to increased stroke volume and cardiac output are commonly seen in systemic hypertension.The hypertrophy of the left ventricle is both concentric and eccentric, and diastolic dysfunction is common. When obesity is present but systemic hypertension is absent, left ventricular volume is often increased, but wall stress usually remains normal. However, in obese patients without hypertension, increases in stroke volume and cardiac output as well as diastolic dysfunction are seen. These changes in the left ventricle are related to sudden death in obese patients. When 22 patients with severe obesity were examined postmortem, dilated cardiomyopathy was most frequently associated with sudden death (n=10), with severe coronary atherosclerosis (n=6), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy without dilatation (n=4), pulmonary embolism (n=1), and hypoplastic coronary arteries (n=1) also found.Thus, dilated cardiomyopathies, presumably with concomitant cardiac arrhythmias, may be the most common cause of sudden death in patients with severe obesity. The prolonged QT interval also seen in obesity may predispose to such arrhythmias.

Changes in the right heart also occur in obesity. The pathophysiology is related to obstructive sleep apnea and/or the obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which produce pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation, progressive dysfunction, and finally failure.However, right ventricular dysfunction can also occur as a consequence of left ventricular dysfunction, and the heart failure that develops is often biventricular.

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Treatment of Obesity and Heart Disease

In patients with congestive heart failure, sodium restriction and small reductions in weight may dramatically improve ventricular function and oxygenation.In addition, several studies suggest that the more extensive weight reduction that follows gastrointestinal surgery for obesity reduces cardiovascular mortality and in persons with non–insulin-dependent diabetes, both cardiovascular and total mortality.Moreover, although many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of weight reduction on cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, recent studies from Sweden indicate that the major reduction of body weight that follows gastrointestinal surgery for obesity also reduces incidence of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Shortening of the QT interval also follows weight reduction.Thus, weight reduction appears efficacious in reducing risks of coronary heart disease and congestive heart failure and potentially preventing heart disease in obese patients.

Treatment of obesity should be based on its severity and the presence of comorbidities, eg, congestive heart failure, dyslipidemia, hypertension, non–insulin dependent diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea. Maintaining a BMI <25 throughout adult life has been recently recommended.For most patients with a BMI between 25 and 30, lifestyle modifications including diet and exercise are appropriate. Diets should be modestly restricted in calories; evidence suggests that obese patients who have slower rates of weight reduction have the same long-term outcomes as patients undergoing more rapid weight reduction.Restricting consumption of fat to <30% of total calories should also be prescribed because low-fat diets may also promote weight reduction.When rapid weight loss is needed, eg, for severe biventricular heart failure, more severe caloric restriction, eg, ≤800 calories daily, with at least 0.75 g/kg bioavailable protein, can be used.For less-urgent weight reduction, a loss of 0.45 kg (1 lb) per week is reasonable.This rate of weight loss would require a caloric deficit of about 400 calories per day.

Training programs that increase physical activity have had a variable effect on body mass and composition.However, simply changing daily routines, eg, parking farther away and using the stairs rather than the elevator, may also be effective.Once weight loss has been achieved, a more vigorous exercise program may also enhance maintenance of reduction in weight.

Pharmaceuticals should be considered with a BMI >30 or with less-severe obesity and comorbidities.The rationale for use and discussion with the patient about adverse effects of the medications should be documented in the patient’s record. If the risk from obesity is sufficiently serious to indicate use of antiobesity drugs, long-term use should be anticipated. However, a case-control study in Europe demonstrated that patients treated with dexfenfluramine for more than 3 months had an odds ratio of 23.1 (95% confidence interval, 6.9 to 77.7) of developing primary pulmonary hypertension.A potential link between fenfluramine therapy of obese patients with valvular heart disease has also been raised.As a result, both fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine have been withdrawn from the market. Few drug choices remain. Like other nonsurgical therapies for obesity, once antiobesity drugs are discontinued, weight gain typically follows.

When the BMI is >35 and comorbidities exist, gastrointestinal surgery becomes a consideration. When the BMI is >40, surgery is the treatment of choice. The experience of the surgeon and type of operation chosen predict outcome. In general, a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is superior to gastric plication.

Although weight reduction is not recommended for patients with a BMI <25, some patients in this category clearly have risks related to body fat distribution. Although measurement of waist circumference may help identify such patients, this assessment is crude, and other approaches are more expensive, ie, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Moreover, the radiation risk with some techniques (eg, computed tomography) precludes their use in children.

No matter what the therapeutic approach, it is important to realize that obesity is a disorder and recidivism is common, with <5% of patients maintaining their reduced weight at 4 years.Thus, therapeutic regimens must be maintained indefinitely; even then, only surgery has been proved to produce substantial sustained long-term weight loss. Prevention of obesity by diet and regular physical activity remains the highest priority for maintaining cardiovascular health. This is particularly important for small children and adolescents.

Thursday 4 September 2014

Obesity Prevalents The Diabetes??????????????

Diabetes and obesity are two related conditions affecting the body’s metabolism.

What Is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a group of conditions in which people have too much sugar (glucose) in their blood, due to the body’s inability to produce and/or use the hormone insulin. Insulin normally causes cells to take up glucose as an energy source from the blood. Symptoms of diabetes can include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and unusual hunger accompanied by weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow-healing sores.

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In type 1 diabetes (formerly called juvenile diabetes), the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing ? cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, the glucose in the bloodstream increases dramatically. Without treatment with replacement insulin, this condition can progress rapidly, leading to dangerously high blood sugar, coma, and death.

In type 2 diabetes (formerly called adult-onset diabetes), which accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diabetes cases in the United States, the body does not produce enough insulin, or the cells don’t respond to the insulin that is produced. This leads to high blood sugar and opens the door to serious complications including blindness, kidney damage, cardiovascular disease, and lower limb amputations. Risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and family history. Type 2 diabetes is usually treated with changes in diet, increase in physical activity, weight loss, and medication.

What Is Obesity?

Obesity is the accumulation of body fat to the point where it leads to a reduced life expectancy and health problems, which include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, and cancer. Obesity is generally associated with a body mass index (BMI, pounds x 703/inches2) of 30 and above.

How Prevalent Are Diabetes and Obesity?

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States 23.6 million people, or 7.8 percent of the population, have diabetes.

According to a recent survey published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, approximately one third of the U.S. population is obese. According to the World Health Organization, obesity affects at least 400 million people worldwide.

Monday 1 September 2014

Huge Weight Causes To Cancer(Increase Risk Of Cancer),,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Major studies confirm that being overweight or obese increases the risk of various cancers. The World Health Organisation (WHO) says that overweight and obesity are the most important known avoidable causes of cancer after tobacco.

Researchers estimate that overweight and obesity are behind around 17,000 cases of cancer each year in the UK. This number may well increase in the future since the number of people who are overweight is increasing.
The latest statistics for England show that the proportion of adults with a healthy BMI decreased, and around a quarter of adults are obese, and the figures are similar in the other UK nations.

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Scientists have estimated that anywhere between 7% and 15% of breast cancer cases in developed countries are caused by obesity. Over a hundred studies show that women who are overweight or obese and have been through the menopause have higher breast cancer risks.

Two large studies funded by Cancer Research UK - the EPIC study and the Million Women Study - have found that obese women have a 30% higher risk of postmenopausal breast cancer than women with a healthy weight.

Obesity does not increase the risk of breast cancer in women before their menopause. Putting on weight over time can also increase the risk of breast cancer. Studies have found that:

• putting on 2-10 kg (4.4 - 22 lb) after the age of 50 increases the risk of breast cancer by 30%.
• putting on 25 kg (55 lb) after the age of 18 increases the risk of breast cancer by 45%.

Obesity is one of the most important causes of bowel cancer. Some groups have estimated that being overweight or obese causes about 11-14% of bowel cancer cases.

Many large studies have found that bowel cancer is more common in overweight or obese people. Two of the largest studies so far, including the EPIC study, have found that obese men have about 50% higher risks of bowel cancer than those with a healthy weight.

When BMI is used to measure body fat, studies tend to find that only obese men have a higher risk of bowel cancer. But when researchers use waist circumferences or waist-to-hip ratios, both obese men and women have higher risks of bowel cancer. This suggests that, for women at least, fat around the stomach is more of a problem than fat elsewhere on the body.

A large body weight is one of the most important causes of womb cancer. A 2011 study estimated that more than a third of womb cancers in the UK are caused by being overweight or obese.

Studies have consistently found that obese people are two to three times more likely to develop womb cancer than people with a healthy bodyweight.

Being overweight or obese increases the risk of a type of oesophageal cancer (cancer of the foodpipe) called “oesophageal adenocarcinoma”.

Overweight people are over 80% more likely to develop this cancer than people of a healthy weight, and the risk in obese people is even more.

Experts have estimated that in the UK it causes about 1 in 5 cases of this type of cancer. In fact, the rates of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in the UK are among the highest in the world, especially in men. Some studies have suggested that, in Western countries, this type of cancer may be becoming more common because of rising levels of obesity.

The gastric cardia is the part of the stomach that is connected to the oesophagus. Cancer of this part of the stomach has become more common in developed countries, and scientists think that this is closely linked to obesity. This cancer can sometimes be referred to as cancer of the oesophagogastric junction or gastroesophageal junction.

As with oesophageal cancer, more than 1 in 5 cases of this cancer may be caused overweight or obesity, and the risk is higher for those who also smoke. The risk of gastric cardia cancer is nearly doubled in obese people compared to those of a healthy weight.

Higher BMI and fat around the belly are both linked to a 10-14% increased risk of pancreatic cancer in men and women. We don’t have clear evidence about exactly why this is, but it may be linked to some of the changes in hormone levels that are caused by obesity.

The risk increases with higher BMI, and it is estimated that around one out of ten pancreatic cancers may be caused by being overweight or obese. Those who are overweight when they are younger and gain more weight as they get older are at around 50% higher risk than those who keep a healthy weight from the age of 18.

Studies have estimated that having a high body weight accounts for nearly a quarter of kidney cancers. And many studies have consistently shown that higher BMI is linked to an increased risk of kidney cancer. The most recent study into the size of the risk showed that higher BMI increases the risk of kidney cancer by 31%.

Obesity is known to cause formation of gallstones, which can increase the risk of cancer of the gallbladder. And the hormonal changes that result from having more body fat can also increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.

It is estimated that nearly a fifth of gallbladder cancers result from people being overweight or obese. Compared to men, more than double the number of cases in women seem to be linked to excess body weight.

There is some evidence that being overweight or obese could increase the risk of many other types of cancer, including:

brain cancer
leukaemia
liver cancer
multiple myeloma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
ovarian cancer, before the menopause
aggressive prostate cancer
thyroid cancer

But the evidence for a link with these other cancer types is not strong enough to know for sure if there is a link.

The way that fat is distributed around the body can also affect the risk of cancer. ‘Apple-shaped’ people who put on weight around their stomach may have higher risks than ‘pear-shaped’ people who put on weight around their hips.

Scientists measure belly fat using either waist circumference (the length of tape that goes around your waist) or waist-to-hip ratio (how wide your waist is compared to your hips). Studies have found that people with larger waists or waist-to-hip ratios have higher risks of breast cancer, bowel cancer in men and women, kidney cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

Obesity most likely increases the risk of cancer by raising levels of hormones such as oestrogen and insulin.

In early life, oestrogen is mainly produced by a woman’s ovaries, but this stops after menopause. Instead, fat in the body becomes the main source of oestrogen and obese women have up to twice as much oestrogen as women with a healthy weight. They also have lower levels of SHBG, or ‘sex hormone binding globulin’, which mops up oestrogen in the body. This is almost certainly why obesity increases the risk of breast and womb cancers.

Obesity also increases levels of insulin in the body. It’s not clear how this could lead to cancer, although high insulin levels are a common feature of many cancers. High insulin levels could explain why being obese increases the risk of liver, womb, bowel, kidney and pancreatic cancer.

Obesity could also cause cancer through other means, including:

increasing the risk of oesophageal and gastric cardia cancers by causing ‘gastric acid reflux’, a condition where the stomach’s acids are briefly pushed back into the throat. This damages the lining of the oesophagus and the area where it connects to the stomach.
increasing the risk of gallstones, which in turn increase the risk of gallbladder cancer.
being associated with physical inactivity or unhealthy diets.

Obesity Causes High Blood Pressure(Dagerous Combinatin)

Many medical studies have shown a relation between obesity and high blood pressure. In fact, obese people have a higher blood pressure than people with a normal blood pressure. The cardiovascular risk is increased with obesity.

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Why is there is a relation between obesity and high blood pressure?

Many medical studies have shown that obesity presented an increase in the cardiac output and the blood volume, and in the arterial resistance. In fact, obesity induces a high secretion of insulin in trying to decrease the excessive sugar concentration in the blood. This insulin secretion is very high compared to a non-obese subject.

Moreover, the insulin, secreted by the pancreas, is responsible for many modifications in the body:

It induces a thickening of the vessels which is responsible for an increase in their rigidity, thus increasing the blood pressure;
It increases the cardiac output, because the secretion of adrenalin is increased;
It induces the reabsorption of water and salt by the kidney, which increases the blood volume and thus increases the blood pressure;
Moreover, obesity is responsible for an over-sensitiveness to sodium, which is known to increase the rigidity of the peripheral arteries.

Fat In Woman Causes Scary Deseases,,,,,,,,,,,

An expanding waistline is sometimes considered the price of getting older. For women, this can be especially true after menopause, when body fat tends to shift to the abdomen.

Yet an increase in belly fat can do more than make it hard to zip up your jeans. Research shows that belly fat also carries serious health risks. The good news? The threats posed by belly fat can be cut down to size.

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What's behind belly fat

Your weight is largely determined by how you balance the calories you eat with the energy you burn. If you eat too much and exercise too little, you're likely to pack on excess pounds — including belly fat.

However, aging also plays a role. Muscle mass typically diminishes with age, while fat increases. Loss of muscle mass also decreases the rate at which your body uses calories, which can make it more challenging to maintain a healthy weight.

Many women also notice an increase in belly fat as they get older — even if they aren't gaining weight. This is likely due to a decreasing level of estrogen, which appears to influence where fat is distributed in the body.

The tendency to gain or carry weight around the waist — have an "apple" rather than a "pear" shape — might have a genetic component as well.

Why belly fat is more than skin deep

The trouble with belly fat is that it's not limited to the extra layer of padding located just below the skin (subcutaneous fat). It also includes visceral fat — which lies deep inside your abdomen, surrounding your internal organs.

Although subcutaneous fat poses cosmetic concerns, visceral fat is linked with far more dangerous health problems, including:

Cardiovascular disease
Type 2 diabetes
Colorectal cancer

Research also has associated belly fat with an increased risk of premature death — regardless of overall weight. In fact, some studies have found that even when women were considered a normal weight based on standard body mass index (BMI) measurements, a large waistline increased the risk of dying of cardiovascular disease.

Measuring your belly

So how do you know if you have too much belly fat? Simply measure your waist:

Place a tape measure around your bare stomach, just above your hipbone.
Pull the tape measure until it fits snugly around you, but doesn't push into your skin.
Make sure the tape measure is level all the way around.
Relax, exhale and measure your waist, resisting the urge to suck in your stomach.

For women, a waist measurement of 35 inches (89 centimeters) or more indicates an unhealthy concentration of belly fat and a greater risk of problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. For men, a waist measurement of 40 inches (102 centimeters) or more is considered cause for concern.

Cutting the fat

You can tone abdominal muscles with crunches or other targeted abdominal exercises, but just doing these exercises won't get rid of belly fat. However, visceral fat does respond to the same diet and exercise strategies that can help you shed excess pounds and lower your total body fat. To battle the bulge:

Eat a healthy diet. Emphasize plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and choose lean sources of protein and low-fat dairy products. Limit saturated fat, found in meat and high-fat dairy products, such as cheese and butter. Choose moderate amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats — found in fish, nuts and certain vegetable oils — instead.
Keep portion sizes in check. Even when you're making healthy choices, calories add up. At home, slim down your portion sizes. In restaurants, share meals — or eat half your meal and take the rest home for another day.
Include physical activity in your daily routine. For most healthy adults, the Department of Health and Human Services recommends moderate aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, for at least 150 minutes a week or vigorous aerobic activity, such as jogging, for at least 75 minutes a week. In addition, strength training exercises are recommended at least twice a week. If you want to lose weight or meet specific fitness goals, you might need to exercise more.

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